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Multiple identities

Keep separate online identities for work, private life, activism or pseudonymous writing, and avoid the small overlaps that tie them back together.

Last reviewed 路 10 entries

Most people already have several lives online: a work account, a private one, a gaming handle, perhaps a pen name. Compartmentalization means keeping these identities (called personas in this guide) apart, so that what is known about one cannot be traced to the others or to your legal name. When it works, a data breach, a doxxing attempt or a nosy employer reaches only one slice of your life.

Identities are rarely linked by one dramatic error. They are linked by small overlaps: a reused username, the same recovery phone number, a login from your home IP address, a photo, a habit of phrase. This guide explains how linking works, how to build a persona that stands on its own, which tools help, and the habits that keep personas apart over time.

Pseudonymity is lawful in most countries and has a long history, from political pamphlets to whistleblowing. This guide is about protecting yourself. It does not cover impersonating real people, false documents, evading bans or running fake accounts to mislead others; those break platform rules and often the law (Staying legal).

ToolVerdictPlatforms
Firefox Multi-Account ContainersRecommended
Tor BrowserRecommended
Qubes OSHighly recommended
WhonixHighly recommended
TailsHighly recommended
GrapheneOSHighly recommended
KeePassXCRecommended
SimpleLoginRecommended
addy.ioRecommended
MySudoUse with caution

Why and when to separate identities

  • Work and private life. Colleagues, clients and future employers should not find your private accounts by searching your name.
  • Pseudonymous writing and research. Writers, researchers and moderators often publish or investigate under a name that is not their own, so the work can be judged on its merits and they are not targeted at home.
  • Activism and journalism. Organisers and reporters keep public and private identities apart to protect themselves, their families and their sources (see Start here).
  • Safety from a specific person. Survivors of stalking or abuse may need accounts that an ex-partner cannot connect to their new town, workplace or friends.
  • Everyday sign-ups. A separate identity for shops, newsletters and apps keeps your real name, number and address out of marketing databases and the data broker files built from them (OSINT defense).
LevelProtects againstWhat it takes
Light: separate accountsMarketers, data brokers, casual searches of your nameA different email alias, username and password for each persona; no "Sign in with Google"
Medium: separate browsingAdvertising trackers, coworkers, people who know your usual handlesIts own browser profile or container, phone number and payment card for each persona
Strong: separate systemsDetermined individuals, platforms correlating logins, a legal request to one providerSeparate virtual machines or Tails sticks, Tor, and no provider shared between personas
Maximum: separate devices and placesWell-resourced investigators with access to device, network and location dataA dedicated device, network and payment method per persona, used in different places
Levels of separation

How identities get linked

Linking works by correlation: each shared detail narrows the field until only one person fits. A link, once made, is usually permanent. Platforms keep login logs, other people take screenshots, and archives keep old pages, so a single slip can connect two personas for good even if you notice it a minute later.

VectorHow it links youWhat to do
IP addressSites and email providers log the address of each login; two accounts used from one home connection look like one householdGive the persona its own route, such as Tor or a separate VPN account (VPN)
Browser cookies and fingerprintTrackers recognise the same browser across sites and accountsOne browser profile or container per persona, or Tor Browser (Browser)
Usernames, avatars and biosFree tools check one username on hundreds of sites; reverse image search finds reused picturesA new name, picture and bio for each persona, never reused
Email and phone, including recovery detailsRecovery addresses and numbers tie accounts together, and breaches publish themPersona-only email and numbers (Email, Phones)
Social logins"Sign in with Google, Apple or Facebook" lets one company see every site you use with that accountA separate login for each site, stored in the persona's own password manager
Payments and deliveriesA card in your legal name or a parcel sent to your home connects the purchase to youSeparate payment methods and pick-up points (Virtual cards, Crypto)
Contacts and social graphFollowing the same people, uploading your contacts and "people you may know" suggestionsDo not follow your own circle or upload contacts from a persona
Photos and filesGPS coordinates and camera details in files, recognisable backgrounds, your faceStrip metadata and never reuse images (Metadata)
Writing style and contentFavourite words, spelling, and facts you mention such as job, city or hobbiesSee writing style below
Time patternsPosting hours reveal your time zone and routine; switching accounts minutes apart suggests one personVary or schedule posting; do not run two personas side by side
DevicesSeveral accounts signed in on one phone or browser tell the platform they share an ownerA separate profile, virtual machine or device per persona
Common ways personas are linked, and what to do about each

Writing style and what you say

Stylometry identifies authors from writing habits: word choice, spelling, punctuation, sentence length, recurring typos. Large language models make linking accounts by their text far cheaper. In a February 2026 study, LLM agents matched pseudonymous Hacker News and Reddit users to real identities with up to 68% recall at 90% precision, where the best older method found almost none. The attack relied mainly on what people wrote (their job, city, schools, interests, films they liked) rather than how, and it got more accurate the more a person had shared (Lermen et al., 2026).

  • Decide in advance what a persona never mentions: your city, employer, profession, age, family, travel, and events only you would know about.
  • Rewriting posts with an AI model can blur style, but it does not remove the facts in the text, and the study's authors note that automated rewriting still leaves traces of the original content. A cloud AI service also receives your draft, and if you use it under your own account it holds a link between you and the persona's text; a model running on your own device avoids that (AI).
  • Avoid signature phrases, emoji habits, distinctive spelling (British or American) and in-jokes that you also use elsewhere.

What changed in 2025 and 2026

  • AI-driven deanonymization (February 2026). Researchers showed that LLM agents with web access can link pseudonymous accounts to real people at scale, and concluded that the practical obscurity pseudonymous users have relied on no longer protects them. The paper appears at USENIX Security 2026 (arXiv).
  • ID checks create new links (2025). More services now check users' ages, often with a selfie or an ID document, driven partly by laws such as the UK Online Safety Act (UK government). In October 2025 Discord said a breach at its customer service vendor 5CA may have exposed ID photos of about 70,000 users who had appealed age decisions (Discord). Any ID you upload ties that account to your legal name for as long as someone keeps the image.
  • Firefox gained a profile manager (April 2025). Firefox 138 introduced named, colour-coded profiles that separate your online life, rolled out gradually (Firefox release notes).
  • Isolation systems updated. Tails 7 moved to Debian 13 in September 2025 (Tails), Whonix 18 followed in November 2025 with a rewritten keystroke and mouse anonymiser (Whonix forum), and Qubes OS 4.3 shipped in December 2025 with preloaded disposables and Whonix 18 templates (Qubes OS).

Building a persona

Build every part of a persona fresh and only for that persona, starting with where it runs and how it connects. Do not create its accounts from your everyday browser "just this once": that first login is logged like any other and cannot be taken back.

  1. Define it. Write down what the persona is for, who it talks to and what it never does or says. Keep its name, username, the birthday you gave and similar details in its own password database, so you answer consistently.
  2. Give it a place to run: a browser profile or container for light separation, a virtual machine or Tails stick for strong separation, a separate device for maximum (browser separation, system separation).
  3. Give it its own network route. For a persona that must not be tied to your home address, use Tor; a VPN account used for nothing else is a weaker option. Never use the persona and your real accounts over the same connection at the same time (VPN).
  4. Create its email from that place and over that route, then use aliases for sign-ups (see below).
  5. Add a phone number only if a service insists, and use one that belongs to the persona alone (see below).
  6. Set up payment that does not lead back to your name, where the law allows (see below).
  7. Secure it with a unique password for every account and a second factor that does not depend on your personal phone number. Store recovery codes in the persona's own password database (Passwords).
  8. Give it a face of its own: a username you have never used, an avatar that is not a photo of you and appears nowhere else, and a short, generic bio.

Email: aliases or separate mailboxes

Aliases (forwarding addresses) stop websites from linking your sign-ups, because each site sees a different address (Email). They do not hide personas from the alias service itself: every alias in one account, and the inbox it forwards to, is linked in that company's records, and a legal order to it can reveal them. Some alias types also show their common owner to anyone: addy.io notes that aliases under one username can be linked by that username, while its shared-domain aliases cannot (addy.io FAQ). Custom-domain aliases point to whoever owns the domain. For a persona that must stay apart even from a request to one provider, give it its own mailbox and, if you use aliases, its own alias account paid for separately.

Phone numbers

Use services that need no phone number where you can (Messaging). When a number is unavoidable, give the persona a second number that is not in your name, such as a VoIP number paid for privately or an anonymous eSIM (Phones and numbers). Some mainstream options now ask for ID: new Google Voice numbers cannot make calls or send texts until the user uploads a government ID and gives a legal name and address (Google). For a separate handset, EFF's advice still applies: pay for it privately, never carry it with your main phone, never use it in the places you use your main phone, and never call the same people from both (EFF).

Payments

A card in your name ties every purchase made with it to you. Virtual cards let you give each persona or each shop its own card number, but if the card is funded from your bank account or the provider checked your ID, the issuer knows who you are: MySudo, for example, verifies your legal identity before issuing its virtual cards (Anonyome privacy policy). They keep merchants apart, not the bank or anyone who can demand its records. Cash, prepaid gift cards bought with cash and Monero leave far fewer traces; limits on anonymous prepaid cards and crypto differ by country (Virtual cards, Crypto). Use a parcel locker or pick-up point rather than your home address for physical goods.

Browser separation

Every major browser can keep personas apart to some degree. Profiles are fully separate browser setups with their own cookies, history, saved logins and extensions: Firefox has had a built-in profile manager since version 138, Chrome, Brave and other Chromium browsers have profiles, and Safari has profiles since macOS Sonoma and iOS 17 that keep cookies, history, extensions, Tab Groups and favourites apart (Apple). Containers are lighter: tabs in one Firefox profile that keep cookies and site storage separate.

Neither changes your IP address or your browser fingerprint, the set of device details that can recognise a browser without cookies. Two profiles on one computer still share both, so a site or tracker that looks closely can tell the two accounts are used from the same machine. Profiles and containers are enough against marketers and casual observers; against a platform or a determined investigator, add a separate network route or move up to system separation. EFF's Cover Your Tracks test shows what your browser gives away.

Firefox Multi-Account Containers

Recommended
Firefox Multi-Account Containers website (opens in a new tab)

Mozilla's add-on that opens sites in colour-coded container tabs, each with its own cookies and site storage. It lets you stay signed in to two accounts on the same site and keep a persona's sites in their own container.

Platform Support

Browser extensionOpen sourceNo account

Advantages

  • Cookies and site storage kept apart per container
  • Colour-coded tabs show which persona you are using
  • Individual containers can be routed through Mozilla VPN
  • Open source (MPL 2.0) and maintained by Mozilla; version 8.3.8 released June 2026

Drawbacks

  • Same IP address and fingerprint in every container unless you use the VPN option
  • Extensions and browser settings are shared by all containers
  • Easy to open a link in the wrong container
  • Per-container VPN needs a paid Mozilla VPN subscription
  • Desktop Firefox only

Browser that sends traffic through the Tor network and makes its users look alike. Use it for personas that must not be connected to your IP address; its New Identity button clears the session before you switch persona.

Platform Support

WindowsmacOSLinuxAndroidOpen sourceNo account

Advantages

  • Hides your IP address from the sites you visit
  • Each site gets its own Tor circuit, so trackers cannot join visits to different sites
  • New Identity closes tabs, clears private data and switches to new circuits
  • Designed so that all its users look the same to websites
  • Free and open source; no account

Drawbacks

  • Two accounts on one site in the same session share a circuit, so the site can link them
  • An account once used without Tor stays linked to your real IP address
  • Some sites block Tor or demand phone verification
  • Slower than a direct connection

The once-popular Temporary Containers add-on has not been updated since February 2021 (Firefox Add-ons); rely on maintained tools instead.

System and device separation

For strong separation, give each persona its own operating system environment: a virtual machine (a complete computer simulated in software), a live system that forgets everything at shutdown, or a separate phone profile. Then a mistake or a compromised program in one persona cannot see the files, logins or network of another. The operating systems guide covers these systems in more depth.

Qubes OS

Highly recommended
Qubes OS website (opens in a new tab)

Desktop operating system that runs each activity in its own virtual machine, called a qube. Each persona can have its own qubes with its own browser, files and network route, plus throwaway disposables for one-off tasks.

Platform Support

LinuxOpen source

Advantages

  • Personas separated by hardware virtualisation, not just browser settings
  • Each qube can use its own network route: direct, VPN, or Tor through Whonix
  • Coloured window borders show which qube every window belongs to
  • Disposables, preloaded for faster start since version 4.3 (December 2025)
  • No telemetry; open source

Drawbacks

  • Needs VT-x or AMD-V plus an IOMMU; 16 GB RAM and an Intel CPU recommended
  • Steep learning curve
  • Copying files or text between personas' qubes can undo the separation
  • Poor for gaming and GPU-heavy work

Whonix

Highly recommended
Whonix website (opens in a new tab)

A Gateway virtual machine that runs Tor and a Workstation that can connect only through it. Whonix advises a separate Workstation for each pseudonym, and using only one pseudonym at a time.

Platform Support

WindowsmacOSLinuxOpen source

Advantages

  • Designed so programs in the Workstation cannot learn your real IP address
  • Workstations with different internal IPs get separate Tor streams automatically
  • Kloak obscures keystroke and mouse timing, which can identify a typist
  • Runs in VirtualBox or KVM, or as Qubes-Whonix inside Qubes OS
  • Detailed documentation on keeping pseudonyms apart

Drawbacks

  • Outside Qubes OS, only as safe as the host system
  • Your behaviour can still link two Workstations to one person
  • Apple silicon Macs: development builds only
  • Tor is slower and some sites block it

Tails

Highly recommended
Tails website (opens in a new tab)

Live system on a USB stick that sends all traffic through Tor and forgets the session at shutdown. Tails advises using each session for one purpose only, and a separate stick per activity if you keep files in Persistent Storage.

Platform Support

LinuxOpen sourceNo account

Advantages

  • Every start is clean: no cookies or files carried over by default
  • All traffic goes through Tor
  • One stick per persona keeps saved files apart
  • Nothing to install on the computer
  • Tails 7 is based on Debian 13 (September 2025)

Drawbacks

  • Two personas in one session can be linked through a shared Tor circuit
  • Needs a 64-bit x86 computer; does not run on Apple silicon Macs
  • Tor is slower and some sites block it

GrapheneOS

Highly recommended
GrapheneOS website (opens in a new tab)

Hardened Android for Google Pixel phones. Its user profiles work like separate phones on one device, each with its own apps, accounts and encryption keys, and you can end a profile's session so its apps stop running.

Platform Support

AndroidOpen source

Advantages

  • Up to 31 secondary profiles plus a guest, instead of the usual 3
  • Ending a session removes that profile's encryption keys from memory
  • Each profile and Private Space has its own VPN setting
  • Notifications from background profiles are not forwarded unless you enable it

Drawbacks

  • Supports Google Pixel phones only for now
  • All profiles share one handset, SIM and mobile connection
  • Some apps refuse to run without Google's device certification

On other Android 15 and later phones, Private space offers a lighter version: a separate, lockable profile whose apps are installed as separate copies and stop running when it is locked (Android developers). iPhones have no separate user profiles, so the browser profiles above are the main option there.

A virtual machine or profile still shares the hardware, the SIM and often the network with your other personas. For the highest-risk personas, use a separate device bought and paid for privately, kept and used away from your own devices.

Passwords, aliases and numbers

These tools keep each persona's logins, addresses and numbers apart. Their weak point is the account you hold with the tool itself: if every persona sits in one account, the provider can link them all.

Offline, open-source password manager that stores logins in encrypted local files. Keep one database per persona, each with its own password, so that unlocking one never exposes the others.

Platform Support

WindowsmacOSLinuxBrowser extensionOpen sourceNo account

Advantages

  • No account or server: each database is an encrypted file you control
  • One file per persona fits neatly into separate virtual machines or Tails sticks
  • Several databases can be open in tabs when you need it
  • Stores TOTP codes, so persona logins need not depend on your phone
  • Version 2.8.0 released October 2026

Drawbacks

  • Global Auto-Type searches every unlocked database; keep other personas locked
  • Desktop only: phones need a separate KeePass app
  • You handle syncing and backups yourself

Open-source alias service owned by Proton that gives each site its own forwarding address. It keeps sites from linking your sign-ups, but all aliases in one account are linked in SimpleLogin's records.

Platform Support

AndroidiOSWebBrowser extensionOpen sourceSelf-hostable

Advantages

  • Random aliases do not reveal that they belong together
  • Premium: unlimited mailboxes, so each persona's aliases can forward to its own inbox
  • Premium vouchers can be paid in Monero or Bitcoin via the ProxyStore reseller
  • Open source (AGPL) and self-hostable

Drawbacks

  • One account links all its aliases and mailboxes at the provider
  • Custom-domain aliases show that they share an owner
  • Free plan: 10 aliases

Independent, open-source alias service run by a UK developer. Its shared-domain aliases cannot be linked to your account by outsiders; its username aliases can, which matters when you use them for different personas.

Platform Support

AndroidiOSWebBrowser extensionOpen sourceSelf-hostable

Advantages

  • Shared-domain aliases carry no username
  • Paid plans add extra usernames (5 on Lite, 20 on Pro) to keep aliases apart
  • Unlimited username aliases even on the free plan
  • Open source (AGPL) and self-hostable
  • Vouchers sold by ProxyStore for Monero, Bitcoin or cash

Drawbacks

  • Aliases under one username reveal a common owner
  • All usernames in one account are still linked at addy.io
  • Free plan: 10 shared-domain aliases, no replies
  • Run by a single developer

MySudo

Use with caution
MySudo website (opens in a new tab)

App from US company Anonyome Labs built around "Sudos": personas that each get an email address, a handle and, on paid plans, a phone number. Convenient for everyday separation, but every Sudo lives in one account with one company.

Platform Support

AndroidiOS

Advantages

  • Up to nine Sudos, each with its own number, on the top plan
  • Email, handle and number per persona in one app
  • Numbers in the US, Canada and the UK

Drawbacks

  • All Sudos sit in one account, so Anonyome can link them
  • Virtual cards (US only) require legal identity verification
  • UK numbers require legal identity information
  • Logs your IP address with app requests

More email providers, alias services and number services are compared in the email, passwords and phones and numbers guides.

Keeping personas apart over time

  • One persona at a time. Whonix warns that pseudonyms used simultaneously can be easily correlated (Whonix). Close or restart between personas: New Identity in Tor Browser, a restart in Tails, shutting down the persona's qubes or Workstation.
  • Make the active persona obvious. Give each one a distinct container colour, profile theme, wallpaper or qube label, and check it before you post or log in.
  • Log out when you are done, and do not leave a persona's accounts open in the background while you use another.
  • Keep each persona's tools inside its own space: its password database, its notes, its downloads. Open its files only in its own browser, virtual machine or device.
  • Do not promote a persona from your real accounts, or the reverse. Whonix advises letting others spread a new project's links first (Whonix).
  • Re-read before posting. Check for personal details, local references, screenshots that show other accounts, time zones or language settings, and image metadata (Metadata).
  • Keep its software ordinary. A persona that uses the same unusual browser, editor or export settings as you does in other places shares a fingerprint with you.
  • Retire personas you no longer need. Delete their content where possible and close the accounts, rather than leaving an old persona around to be linked later. Whonix suggests creating new pseudonyms regularly and dropping old ones.

Common mistakes

  • Logging in once from the wrong place: your everyday browser, your home connection without Tor or VPN, or a work device. That single login can link the persona permanently.
  • Recovery details that point home. A persona account with your personal email or phone number as backup is linked to you in the platform's records and in any breach of them.
  • Reusing usernames, avatars or passwords. Username search tools such as Sherlock check one handle on more than 400 sites (GitHub), and EFF warns that photos can link accounts you meant to keep separate (EFF).
  • Using "Sign in with Google" or Apple or Facebook on persona accounts, which connects them to the identity behind that login.
  • Two personas in one session. Two accounts on the same site through the same browser session or Tor circuit can be recognised as one user (Tails).
  • Leaving every password database unlocked. KeePassXC's global Auto-Type searches all unlocked databases, so one keystroke can type the wrong persona's login (KeePassXC).
  • One alias account or custom domain for every persona. It keeps sites apart, but not the personas.
  • Following your own friends, or liking your own posts, from a persona. Shared contacts can connect accounts, as the Comey case above shows.
  • Paying with your own card or shipping to your home for something a persona bought.
  • Trusting AI rewriting to hide you. It changes wording, not the facts you mention.
  • Carrying a persona phone together with your own, or switching both on at home.

Further reading